% This file contains a station summary listing for a temperature % station in the Berkeley Earth database. This station is identified as: % % Berkeley ID#: 24905 % Primary Name: LONDON WEA CENTER % Record Type: TAVG % Country: United Kingdom % Latitude: 51.51700 +/- 0.00050 % Longitude: -0.11700 +/- 0.00050 % Elevation (m): 23.00 +/- 0.05 % # of Months: 231 % % IDs: gsod - 037780-99999 % usaf - 37780 % % Sources: Global Summary of the Day % % Site Hash: e0a467096d1e0b29f37638b844410d4f % Raw Data Hash: 1d95520b6138141e57d1d5ebd3548c61 % Adj Data Hash: d5eeebb262160f85538b2c0c585408b0 % % The data for this station is presented below in several columns and in % several forms. The temperature values are reported as "raw", % "adjusted", and "regional expectation". % % The "raw" values reflect the observations as originally ingested by % the Berkeley Earth system from one or more originating archive(s). % These "raw" values may reflect the merger of more than one temperature % time series if multiple archives reported values for this location. % Alongside the raw data we have also provided a flag indicating which % values failed initial quality control checks. A further column % dates at which the raw data may be subject to continuity "breaks" % due to documented station moves (denoted "1"), prolonged measurement % gaps (denoted "2"), documented time of observation changes (denoted "3") % and other empirically determined inhomogeneities (denoted "4"). % % In many cases, raw temperature data contains a number of artifacts, % caused by issues such as typographical errors, instrumentation changes, % station moves, and urban or agricultural development near the station. % The Berkeley Earth analysis process attempts to identify and estimate % the impact of various kinds of data quality problems by comparing each % time series to neighboring series. At the end of the analysis process, % the "adjusted" data is created as an estimate of what the weather at % this location might have looked like after removing apparent biases. % This "adjusted" data will generally to be free from quality control % issues and be regionally homogeneous. Some users may find this % "adjusted" data that attempts to remove apparent biases more % suitable for their needs, while other users may prefer to work % with raw values. % % Lastly, we have provided a "regional expectation" time series, based % on the Berkeley Earth expected temperatures in the neighborhood of the % station. This incorporates information from as many weather stations as % are available for the local region surrounding this location. Note % that the regional expectation may be a systematically a bit warmer or % colder than the weather stations by a few degrees due to differences % in mean elevation and other local characteristics. % % For each temperature time series, we have also included an "anomaly" % time series that removes both the seasonality and the long-term mean. % These anomalies may provide an easier way of seeing changes through % time. % % Reported temperatures are in Celsius and reflect monthly averages. As % these files are intended to be summaries for convenience, additional % information, including more detailed flagging and metadata, may be % available in our whole data set files. % % The Berkeley Earth analysis was run on 15-Nov-2013 19:55:48 % % Raw Data QC Continuity Adjusted Data Regional Expectation % Year, Month, Temperature, Anomaly, Failed, Breaks, Temperature, Anomaly, Temperature, Anomaly 1972 1 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 3.618 0.326 1972 2 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 4.297 0.640 1972 3 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 6.945 1.261 1972 4 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 8.430 0.425 1972 5 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 10.967 -0.642 1972 6 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 12.701 -2.048 1972 7 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 16.020 -0.488 1972 8 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 15.539 -0.742 1972 9 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 11.896 -2.141 1972 10 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 10.854 0.356 1972 11 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 6.119 -0.306 1972 12 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 5.693 1.333 1973 1 6.344 1.415 0 0 6.184 1.256 4.214 0.922 1973 2 6.258 0.965 0 0 6.213 0.920 3.937 0.281 1973 3 8.461 1.139 0 0 8.512 1.191 6.315 0.630 1973 4 9.028 -0.614 0 0 9.178 -0.464 7.115 -0.890 1973 5 13.188 -0.058 0 0 13.417 0.171 11.744 0.134 1973 6 17.480 1.094 0 0 17.705 1.319 15.665 0.916 1973 7 17.568 -0.577 0 0 17.737 -0.408 16.075 -0.433 1973 8 18.896 0.978 0 0 19.045 1.126 17.064 0.783 1973 9 16.389 0.715 0 0 16.526 0.852 14.874 0.836 1973 10 11.283 -0.852 0 0 11.312 -0.823 9.408 -1.090 1973 11 8.011 -0.051 0 0 7.867 -0.195 5.504 -0.921 1973 12 6.624 0.627 0 0 6.398 0.401 5.055 0.695 1974 1 7.744 2.815 0 0 7.584 2.655 5.951 2.659 1974 2 7.216 1.923 0 0 7.171 1.878 5.316 1.659 1974 3 7.244 -0.077 0 0 7.295 -0.026 5.710 0.026 1974 4 9.581 -0.060 0 0 9.731 0.089 7.719 -0.286 1974 5 12.946 -0.300 0 0 13.175 -0.071 11.411 -0.198 1974 6 15.126 -1.260 0 0 15.351 -1.035 14.047 -0.703 1974 7 16.589 -1.556 1 0 NaN NaN 15.711 -0.797 1974 8 16.956 -0.963 0 0 17.104 -0.814 15.689 -0.592 1974 9 13.422 -2.252 0 0 13.559 -2.115 12.421 -1.616 1974 10 8.649 -3.486 0 0 8.678 -3.457 7.831 -2.667 1974 11 8.481 0.420 0 0 8.337 0.275 6.653 0.228 1974 12 9.226 3.229 0 0 9.000 3.003 7.915 3.555 1975 1 8.376 3.448 0 0 8.217 3.288 6.645 3.353 1975 2 6.381 1.088 0 0 6.336 1.043 3.991 0.335 1975 3 5.735 -1.586 0 0 5.786 -1.535 4.910 -0.774 1975 4 9.378 -0.264 0 0 9.528 -0.114 7.910 -0.095 1975 5 10.883 -2.363 0 0 11.112 -2.134 10.038 -1.571 1975 6 16.122 -0.264 0 0 16.347 -0.039 14.716 -0.033 1975 7 18.781 0.637 0 0 18.950 0.805 17.695 1.187 1975 8 20.312 2.393 0 0 20.460 2.542 19.094 2.812 1975 9 15.157 -0.517 0 0 15.294 -0.380 14.137 0.099 1975 10 11.127 -1.008 0 0 11.156 -0.979 10.120 -0.378 1975 11 7.743 -0.319 0 0 7.598 -0.464 5.756 -0.669 1975 12 6.335 0.338 0 0 6.110 0.113 4.885 0.525 1976 1 6.934 2.005 0 0 6.774 1.845 5.302 2.010 1976 2 5.791 0.498 0 0 5.746 0.453 4.072 0.415 1976 3 6.190 -1.131 0 0 6.241 -1.080 4.977 -0.708 1976 4 9.343 -0.299 0 0 9.492 -0.150 7.884 -0.121 1976 5 14.097 0.851 0 0 14.326 1.079 12.654 1.045 1976 6 20.081 3.695 0 0 20.306 3.920 18.146 3.397 1976 7 20.602 2.457 0 0 20.771 2.626 19.004 2.496 1976 8 19.194 1.275 0 0 19.342 1.424 17.548 1.266 1976 9 15.157 -0.517 0 0 15.294 -0.380 13.901 -0.136 1976 10 12.427 0.292 0 0 12.456 0.321 11.433 0.935 1976 11 7.976 -0.086 0 0 7.831 -0.231 6.139 -0.286 1976 12 4.154 -1.843 0 0 3.929 -2.068 2.298 -2.062 1977 1 3.903 -1.026 1 0 NaN NaN 2.815 -0.477 1977 2 7.052 1.758 0 0 7.007 1.713 4.849 1.193 1977 3 8.201 0.880 0 0 8.252 0.931 7.133 1.449 1977 4 8.691 -0.951 0 0 8.840 -0.801 7.218 -0.787 1977 5 11.894 -1.352 0 0 12.123 -1.123 10.825 -0.785 1977 6 13.578 -2.808 0 0 13.803 -2.583 12.840 -1.910 1977 7 17.353 -0.792 0 0 17.522 -0.623 16.078 -0.430 1977 8 16.602 -1.316 0 0 16.751 -1.168 15.505 -0.776 1977 9 14.735 -0.939 0 0 14.872 -0.802 13.748 -0.289 1977 10 13.398 1.263 0 0 13.427 1.292 12.165 1.667 1977 11 8.235 0.173 0 0 8.091 0.029 6.639 0.214 1977 12 7.676 1.679 0 0 7.450 1.453 6.385 2.025 1978 1 5.030 0.102 0 0 4.871 -0.058 3.025 -0.267 1978 2 4.333 -0.960 0 0 4.288 -1.005 2.254 -1.403 1978 3 8.172 0.851 0 0 8.223 0.902 6.704 1.020 1978 4 7.500 -2.142 0 0 7.650 -1.992 6.056 -1.949 1978 5 12.771 -0.476 0 0 12.999 -0.247 11.127 -0.482 1978 6 15.431 -0.955 0 0 15.656 -0.730 14.088 -0.661 1978 7 16.629 -1.516 0 0 16.798 -1.347 15.069 -1.439 1978 8 16.711 -1.207 0 0 16.860 -1.058 15.239 -1.042 1978 9 15.767 0.093 0 0 15.904 0.230 14.357 0.320 1978 10 13.466 1.331 0 0 13.495 1.360 12.132 1.634 1978 11 10.248 2.186 0 0 10.104 2.042 8.292 1.867 1978 12 6.199 0.202 0 0 5.973 -0.024 4.513 0.153 1979 1 2.437 -2.492 0 0 2.278 -2.651 -0.079 -3.371 1979 2 2.746 -2.547 0 0 2.701 -2.592 0.803 -2.853 1979 3 6.201 -1.120 0 0 6.252 -1.069 4.812 -0.872 1979 4 9.206 -0.436 0 0 9.355 -0.287 7.559 -0.446 1979 5 12.091 -1.155 0 0 12.320 -0.926 10.892 -0.717 1979 6 15.543 -0.844 0 0 15.768 -0.619 14.430 -0.319 1979 7 18.554 0.409 0 0 18.722 0.578 16.748 0.240 1979 8 16.672 -1.246 0 0 16.821 -1.098 15.335 -0.946 1979 9 15.367 -0.307 0 0 15.504 -0.170 13.935 -0.102 1979 10 13.349 1.215 0 0 13.378 1.244 11.621 1.123 1979 11 8.709 0.647 0 0 8.565 0.503 6.530 0.105 1979 12 7.602 1.605 0 0 7.377 1.380 6.042 1.682 1980 1 4.308 -0.621 0 0 4.149 -0.780 2.218 -1.074 1980 2 7.592 2.299 0 0 7.547 2.254 5.421 1.764 1980 3 6.561 -0.760 0 0 6.612 -0.709 5.080 -0.604 1980 4 10.406 0.764 0 0 10.555 0.913 8.278 0.274 1980 5 12.394 -0.852 0 0 12.623 -0.623 11.090 -0.519 1980 6 15.598 -0.788 0 0 15.823 -0.563 14.521 -0.228 1980 7 16.116 -2.028 0 0 16.285 -1.860 15.009 -1.499 1980 8 17.928 0.010 0 0 18.077 0.158 16.431 0.150 1980 9 16.450 0.776 0 0 16.587 0.913 15.197 1.160 1980 10 11.025 -1.110 0 0 11.054 -1.081 9.512 -0.986 1980 11 7.748 -0.314 0 0 7.604 -0.458 6.306 -0.119 1980 12 6.980 0.983 0 0 6.755 0.758 5.389 1.029 1981 1 6.317 1.388 0 0 6.158 1.229 4.213 0.922 1981 2 4.758 -0.535 0 0 4.713 -0.580 2.526 -1.130 1981 3 9.403 2.082 0 0 9.455 2.133 8.011 2.327 1981 4 9.324 -0.318 0 0 9.474 -0.168 7.464 -0.541 1981 5 12.423 -0.823 0 0 12.652 -0.594 11.583 -0.027 1981 6 14.767 -1.619 0 0 14.992 -1.394 13.919 -0.830 1981 7 17.407 -0.738 0 0 17.575 -0.569 16.241 -0.266 1981 8 18.654 0.736 0 0 18.803 0.884 16.708 0.427 1981 9 16.211 0.537 0 0 16.348 0.674 15.022 0.985 1981 10 10.283 -1.852 0 0 10.312 -1.823 8.855 -1.643 1981 11 9.385 1.323 0 0 9.241 1.179 7.329 0.904 1981 12 2.801 -3.196 0 0 2.575 -3.422 0.638 -3.722 1982 1 5.344 0.415 0 0 5.184 0.256 2.669 -0.623 1982 2 6.353 1.060 0 0 6.308 1.015 4.314 0.657 1982 3 7.704 0.383 0 0 7.756 0.434 6.054 0.370 1982 4 10.402 0.760 0 0 10.552 0.910 8.409 0.404 1982 5 13.591 0.345 0 0 13.820 0.574 12.272 0.663 1982 6 17.293 0.906 0 0 17.518 1.131 15.937 1.188 1982 7 18.136 -0.008 0 0 18.305 0.160 16.889 0.381 1982 8 17.858 -0.060 0 0 18.007 0.089 16.480 0.198 1982 9 16.606 0.932 0 0 16.743 1.069 14.928 0.891 1982 10 11.778 -0.357 0 0 11.807 -0.328 10.599 0.101 1982 11 9.685 1.623 0 0 9.541 1.479 7.936 1.511 1982 12 6.228 0.231 0 0 6.002 0.005 4.289 -0.071 1983 1 8.357 3.428 0 0 8.197 3.268 6.484 3.192 1983 2 3.387 -1.906 0 0 3.342 -1.952 1.410 -2.246 1983 3 7.975 0.654 0 0 8.026 0.705 6.249 0.565 1983 4 8.591 -1.051 0 0 8.740 -0.901 6.949 -1.055 1983 5 11.522 -1.725 0 0 11.750 -1.496 10.477 -1.132 1983 6 16.322 -0.064 0 0 16.547 0.161 14.824 0.075 1983 7 21.593 3.449 0 0 21.762 3.617 19.547 3.039 1983 8 19.106 1.187 0 0 19.254 1.336 17.603 1.322 1983 9 15.278 -0.396 0 0 15.415 -0.259 14.193 0.156 1983 10 12.109 -0.026 0 0 12.138 0.003 10.838 0.340 1983 11 9.339 1.277 0 0 9.194 1.132 7.314 0.889 1983 12 7.308 1.311 0 0 7.083 1.086 5.455 1.095 1984 1 5.667 0.738 0 0 5.507 0.578 3.403 0.111 1984 2 5.096 -0.198 0 0 5.051 -0.243 2.933 -0.724 1984 3 6.194 -1.128 0 0 6.245 -1.076 4.718 -0.967 1984 4 9.772 0.130 0 0 9.922 0.280 7.654 -0.351 1984 5 10.758 -2.488 0 0 10.987 -2.259 9.703 -1.906 1984 6 16.598 0.212 0 0 16.823 0.437 14.803 0.053 1984 7 18.324 0.180 0 0 18.493 0.348 16.699 0.192 1984 8 19.151 1.232 0 0 19.299 1.381 17.727 1.446 1984 9 14.802 -0.872 0 0 14.939 -0.735 13.726 -0.312 1984 10 12.805 0.670 0 0 12.834 0.699 11.782 1.284 1984 11 10.174 2.112 0 0 10.030 1.968 8.388 1.963 1984 12 7.102 1.105 0 0 6.877 0.880 5.382 1.022 1985 1 2.321 -2.608 0 0 2.161 -2.768 0.486 -2.806 1985 2 4.000 -1.293 0 0 3.955 -1.338 1.429 -2.228 1985 3 6.061 -1.260 0 0 6.112 -1.209 4.604 -1.080 1985 4 10.081 0.440 0 0 10.231 0.589 8.421 0.416 1985 5 12.507 -0.739 0 0 12.736 -0.510 11.007 -0.602 1985 6 14.211 -2.175 0 0 14.436 -1.950 12.862 -1.887 1985 7 18.290 0.146 0 0 18.459 0.314 16.718 0.210 1985 8 16.043 -1.875 0 0 16.192 -1.727 14.958 -1.324 1985 9 16.422 0.748 0 0 16.559 0.885 14.894 0.856 1985 10 12.760 0.625 0 0 12.789 0.654 11.491 0.993 1985 11 5.922 -2.140 0 0 5.778 -2.284 3.951 -2.474 1985 12 8.548 2.551 0 0 8.323 2.326 7.122 2.762 1986 1 5.181 0.252 0 0 5.021 0.092 3.333 0.041 1986 2 0.175 -5.119 0 0 0.130 -5.164 -1.667 -5.323 1986 3 6.423 -0.898 0 0 6.474 -0.847 5.124 -0.560 1986 4 7.272 -2.370 0 0 7.422 -2.220 5.799 -2.206 1986 5 12.341 -0.906 0 0 12.569 -0.677 11.685 0.076 1986 6 16.606 0.219 0 0 16.831 0.444 15.049 0.299 1986 7 18.271 0.126 0 0 18.439 0.295 16.703 0.196 1986 8 15.633 -2.286 0 0 15.781 -2.137 14.284 -1.998 1986 9 13.415 -2.259 0 0 13.552 -2.122 11.620 -2.417 1986 10 12.980 0.845 0 0 13.009 0.874 11.441 0.943 1986 11 9.580 1.518 0 0 9.435 1.373 7.675 1.250 1986 12 7.742 1.745 0 0 7.516 1.519 6.108 1.748 1987 1 2.161 -2.768 0 0 2.002 -2.927 0.250 -3.042 1987 2 5.484 0.191 0 0 5.439 0.146 3.277 -0.379 1987 3 5.584 -1.737 0 0 5.636 -1.686 3.997 -1.687 1987 4 11.950 2.308 0 0 12.100 2.458 10.137 2.132 1987 5 11.593 -1.653 0 0 11.822 -1.424 10.177 -1.432 1987 6 14.572 -1.814 0 0 14.797 -1.589 13.377 -1.373 1987 7 17.756 -0.388 0 0 17.925 -0.220 16.236 -0.272 1987 8 17.904 -0.015 0 4 17.445 -0.473 15.985 -0.297 1987 9 15.735 0.061 0 0 15.312 -0.362 14.112 0.075 1987 10 11.953 -0.182 0 0 11.864 -0.271 10.342 -0.156 1987 11 8.230 0.168 0 0 8.676 0.614 6.434 0.009 1987 12 7.616 1.619 0 0 8.313 2.316 6.143 1.783 1988 1 7.072 2.143 0 0 7.565 2.636 4.999 1.707 1988 2 6.607 1.314 0 0 6.747 1.453 4.144 0.488 1988 3 8.009 0.688 0 0 7.851 0.529 6.173 0.488 1988 4 9.696 0.054 0 0 9.234 -0.408 8.050 0.045 1988 5 13.619 0.372 0 0 12.912 -0.335 12.195 0.586 1988 6 15.359 -1.027 0 0 14.664 -1.722 14.123 -0.626 1988 7 16.099 -2.046 0 0 15.578 -2.567 15.158 -1.349 1988 8 17.403 -0.515 0 0 16.944 -0.974 15.879 -0.403 1988 9 15.281 -0.393 0 0 14.858 -0.816 13.709 -0.328 1988 10 12.749 0.614 0 0 12.659 0.525 11.112 0.614 1988 11 7.820 -0.242 0 0 8.267 0.205 5.133 -1.292 1988 12 9.138 3.141 0 0 9.835 3.838 7.158 2.798 1989 1 7.774 2.845 0 0 8.267 3.339 5.507 2.215 1989 2 7.794 2.500 0 0 7.933 2.640 5.313 1.657 1989 3 9.681 2.360 0 0 9.522 2.201 7.814 2.130 1989 4 8.174 -1.468 0 0 7.712 -1.930 6.353 -1.652 1989 5 15.753 2.507 0 0 15.046 1.800 13.522 1.913 1989 6 16.896 0.510 0 0 16.201 -0.185 15.198 0.449 1989 7 20.475 2.330 0 0 19.954 1.809 18.386 1.878 1989 8 19.005 1.087 0 0 18.547 0.628 17.295 1.013 1989 9 17.139 1.465 0 0 16.716 1.042 15.580 1.543 1989 10 13.864 1.729 0 0 13.774 1.639 12.449 1.951 1989 11 8.404 0.342 0 0 8.850 0.788 6.045 -0.380 1989 12 7.561 1.564 0 0 8.258 2.261 5.584 1.223 1990 1 8.375 3.446 0 0 8.868 3.939 6.495 3.203 1990 2 9.192 3.899 0 0 9.332 4.038 7.186 3.530 1990 3 10.244 2.923 0 0 10.085 2.764 8.423 2.739 1990 4 10.159 0.517 0 0 9.697 0.055 8.125 0.120 1990 5 15.072 1.826 0 0 14.365 1.119 13.236 1.627 1990 6 15.228 -1.158 0 0 14.533 -1.853 14.163 -0.586 1990 7 18.914 0.769 0 0 18.393 0.248 17.170 0.662 1990 8 20.713 2.795 0 0 20.254 2.336 18.818 2.536 1990 9 15.330 -0.344 0 0 14.906 -0.768 13.560 -0.478 1990 10 13.780 1.645 0 0 13.690 1.555 12.521 2.023 1990 11 8.770 0.708 0 0 9.217 1.155 6.970 0.545 1990 12 6.179 0.182 0 0 6.876 0.879 4.570 0.209 1991 1 5.695 0.767 0 0 6.189 1.260 3.395 0.103 1991 2 3.435 -1.859 0 0 3.574 -1.720 1.239 -2.417 1991 3 9.738 2.417 0 0 9.580 2.259 8.110 2.425 1991 4 9.289 -0.353 0 0 8.826 -0.816 7.732 -0.273 1991 5 12.025 -1.221 0 0 11.318 -1.928 10.757 -0.852 1991 6 13.570 -2.816 0 0 12.875 -3.511 12.620 -2.129 1991 7 18.810 0.665 0 0 18.289 0.144 17.597 1.089 1991 8 19.552 1.634 0 0 19.093 1.175 17.801 1.519 1991 9 16.689 1.015 0 0 16.266 0.592 14.952 0.915 1991 10 11.867 -0.268 0 0 11.778 -0.357 10.599 0.101 1991 11 8.572 0.510 0 0 9.019 0.957 6.655 0.230 1991 12 6.629 0.632 0 0 7.326 1.329 4.473 0.113 1992 1 5.882 0.953 0 0 6.375 1.446 3.617 0.325 1992 2 7.167 1.873 0 0 7.306 2.013 5.075 1.419 1992 3 8.961 1.639 0 0 8.802 1.481 7.491 1.807 1992 4 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 8.621 0.616 1992 5 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 14.088 2.479 1992 6 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 16.182 1.433 1992 7 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 17.003 0.496 1992 8 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 16.207 -0.074 1992 9 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 13.778 -0.259 1992 10 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 8.124 -2.374 1992 11 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 7.508 1.083 1992 12 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 4.036 -0.324 1993 1 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 5.691 2.400 1993 2 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 3.954 0.297 1993 3 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 6.618 0.934